It’s not an easy subject, so teach just a few words at a time and always practice the target language by asking your student to give you plenty of examples.

This vocabulary set includes questions to practice different vocabulary sets, however, you should also invent your own, based on your students’ interests.

Economy

Managing an economy

Intermediate

A budget – the provision for an agreed amount of money.

‘Each year the government proposes a budget for different departments.’

Currency – the money of a country.

Deficit – more money spent than received.

‘The government has a large deficit. It spends more money than it receives in taxes.

GDP (gross domestic product) – the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.

Interest rates – the amount a bank or other financial organisation charges on borrowed money.

Advanced

Fiscal policy or fascial year – financial policy, particularly related to taxes.

Inflation – an increase in prices. Deflation – a decrease in prices.

Macroeconomics – the study of economics at a national level.

Microeconomics – the study of the economic problems of businesses and people and the way particular parts of an economy behave.

Supply and demand – the amount people want a product compared to the amount of product there is.

‘In the UK there is more demand for houses than supply.’

Quantitative easing – the introduction of new money into the money supply by a central bank.

‘During the financial crisis the European union used quantitate easing to stimulate the economy.’

The financial crisis

Intermediate

Austerity – government cuts to public services to reduce public debt.

‘Austerity is a bi-product of the 2008 financial crisis.’

To go bankrupt – when a country or business collapses due to a lack of money.

Recession, a downturn – when the economy contracts for two quarters or more.

‘The country is experiencing a downturn in manufacturing.’

Advanced

To bailout, to receive a bailout – an act of giving financial assistance to a failing business or economy to save it from collapse.

‘Greece received a bailout from the International Monitory Fund in 2010, 2012 and 2015.’

Boom and bust economics – a situation in which a period of great prosperity or rapid economic growth is abruptly followed by one of economic decline.

‘Arguably, irresponsible lending of the early 2000s led to boom and bust by the end of the decade.’

Stagnation – lack of activity, growth or development.

‘In the early part of the decade, many countries in Europe suffered from stagnation.’

Employment

To be unemployed/ employed – a person’s state of employment.

Employment/unemployment – the noun for ‘to employ’, ‘to unemployed.’

To be on the dole – to be unemployed and receiving money from the government.

To get/receive unemployment benefit –to receive ‘helps’ or money from the government because you don’t have a job.

To lay off staff/ to make someone redundant – to lose your job because your company is getting smaller or closing.

‘The car factory laid off 500 workers when it lost the contract.’

Speaking activity

• What happened in your region during the financial crisis and in the years after?
• What policies did the government implement to simulate the economy?
• If you were minister of trade, what policies would you put forward to strengthen the economy?
• What are the main problems facing your local economy right now and what could be done to help solve them?

Politics

A bill – a proposed law to be discussed in parliament where it will be amended, passed or thrown out.

‘The MP (member of parliament) presented the bill to parliament.’

Democracy – a form of government where elections are held and people vote for the candidate of their choice to represent them.

Dictatorship – a form of government in which a single individual, who has often seized power by force, exercises political authority using arbitrary and oppressive methods.

To lobby, lobbyist –to seek influence on an issue.

‘The petroleum company lobbied the government when it tried to introduce a new fossil fuel tax.’

Parliament/ senate/ congress – places where bills and new laws are debated.

Political party

Left-wing/ Socialists

Right-wing/ Conservatives

Liberals

Prime minister/ President – person in charge of the country.

Politician – a person who has been elected and works professionally in politics.

Politics – the ideas and activities associated with governing a country or region.  

Policy – the laws and ideas of a government.

‘The politician advocated a new policy to ban fox-hunting.’

Trade unions – syndicates to represent workers.

‘In London, the Underground trade union is very strong and often holds strikes.’

Elections

Intermediate

A candidate – the person who seeks election.

To elect, election – the process of voting.

The electorate – the people who take part in elections to elect politicians.

To get a majority – when a political party win an election by getting the majority of votes.

‘The electorate gave the Liberal party the majority.’

The opposition – the political party or parties opposing the government.

‘The opposition party argued with the incumbent party over their housing policy.’  

To run for president/ prime minister – to try to get elected for president.

‘Four candidates are running for president this year.’

To vote for someone.

‘Tony didn’t know who to vote for in the last election.’

Advanced

Ballot box – the box where you put your vote.

The incumbent – a person currently holding an official position.

A landslide – to win an election with a large majority of votes.

‘Obama won with a landslide in the 2008 US election.’

Turnout – the proportion of the population who go to vote in an election.

‘About 70% of the population turned out to vote last year.’

Speaking activity

• Explain to me your country’s voting system. How does a party get into power?
• If you were prime minister/president, how would you change the system to make sure that politicians kept their promises?
• What is the single most important political event in your country post World War Two? The formation of the republic?
• Why does no one want to talk about politics anymore? Was there ever a time when people believed in politicians?

Society

Fertility rate, birth rate – the number of babies born a year.

Mortality rate – the number of people who die in a year.

Life expectancy – the average amount of years a population is expected to live.

Youth – noun for ‘young’.

To be middle-aged – aged between 50-70.

To be elderly, old – aged 70 and above.

To retire, retirement – when you stop work forever because you are too old.

Homework activity

Find some statistics about how life expectancy, fertility rate and mortality rate has changed in the years between your generation and your grandparents’ generation and explain it to me next session.

Classes

Working-class/ blue-collar workers – to have a trade, factory or low paid job.

Middle-class/ white-collar workers – to have a profession/ be university educated.

Upper-class – to be wealthy, from a family which has been wealthy for many generations.

To be posh – a slag word used in the UK to mean ‘upper-class.’

‘Posh Spice was never actually posh. In fact, she and her husband David Beckham both came from working class backgrounds.’

Housing issues

Intermediate

To be homeless/ Homelessness (noun) – to not have anywhere to live.

Housing bubble – when the price of houses becomes artificially inflated.

‘There was a housing bubble in the US and many other countries in the years before the financial crisis.’

A housing crash – when the price of houses suddenly decreased dramatically.

To be unaffordable – people can’t afford something.

‘Property in London, New York and Hong Kong has become unaffordable.’

Advanced

To get on the housing ladder – to buy your first property.

‘It’s called the housing ladder because you are supposed to buy a bigger house as you get older going ‘up’ the ladder.’

Over-crowding – too many people living together.

To save up for a deposit on a house – the money you need to finance a mortgage.

‘Typically, a deposit for a house is 10% of the value and you pay the rest off with a mortgage.’

Social-housing – to live in government build/funded housing.

Subprime mortgages – a mortgage that is issued to borrowers with a low credit rating.

‘The issuing of subprime mortgages was one of the reasons for the US financial crisis.’

Speaking activity

• What are the housing problems people of your generation or people in your region face?
• Is getting on the housing ladder one of your top priorities? Why/why not?
• Can you tell me about the housing market in your region pre and post financial crisis?
• Is the design of houses changing in your city? Are they getting bigger/smaller or more efficient?
• What will your city look like in 30 years, do you think?

Final thoughts and homework

What if we replaced politicians with randomly selected people? is a 10 minute TED talk which talks about the problems with our current political system and presents the idea of selecting people randomly to represent us in government.

Don’t forget to practice the target language by asking your student to:

1. Give you an example using each piece of vocabulary.
2. Practice words and phrases by giving the opinions on certain issues.
3. Explaining diagrams and pictures.

This vocabulary set contains two picture worksheets as well as five questions related to the environment.

Science

Testing a theory

To prove – to determine that a theory is correct through testing.

To test, to do a test – a procedure intended to establish the quality, performance, or reliability of something. 

To trial, to do a trial – to do a series of tests or to test something for a long time.

‘The drug trial proved that the drug was effective in treating autoimmune disorders.’

Water

To boil – water reaches 100 degrees celsius.

‘You must boil an egg in water for at least two minutes to cook it properly.’

To freeze – water reaches zero degrees celsius.

To melt – when ice warms and turns to water.

To spill – when a liquid is released from its container accidentally.

Irregular verb: Spill, spilt, spilt.

‘Oh no, I have just spilt coffee on my computer!’

To turn into steam – water vapour when water boils.

To turn to ice – ice blocks when water freezes.

‘The lake turns to ice in winter.’

Organs

Brain, heart, lungs, intestines, liver, kidneys, stomach.

Speaking practice

Ask your student to name these organs and bones.

PDF download of interior body diagram

Planets

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto (which is now an asteroid)

Environment

Climate change

Atmosphere – the combination of gasses that cover a planet.

Carbon footprint – the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organization, or community.

‘The European union has pledged to reduce its carbon footprint by 2025.’

Climate change deniers – people who don’t believe that climate change is happening.

‘There are very few climate change deniers outside of US politics.’

Energy consumption – the amount of energy a person, country or organisation consumes.

Fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas) – traditional fuels made from carbon sources.

‘Fossil fuels are slowly being phased out in the UK.’

Global warming – the warming of the earth.

The greenhouse effect – when the Earth’s atmosphere becomes thick with gases and substances which trap the sun’s radiation, making the Earth warmer. 

Ozone layer – the layer in the stratosphere which absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth from the sun.

‘There is a hole in the ozone layer above Australia.’

Polar ice caps melting – the ice caps turning to water due to global warming.

‘Polar ice caps are melting at the fastest rate ever.’

Speaking practice

Ask your student to explain this diagram to you.

PDF download the greenhouse effect

Renewable energy

Solar power

Solar panels – the panels that convert sunlight into energy.

Wind power

Hydro power

Other problems

Intermediate

Car exhaust fumes – the gases that cars emit.

To be overpopulated/ overpopulation – too many people.

To emit harmful gases, emissions – to release gases into the environment.

To pollute, pollution – to contaminate.

Toxic – poisonous.

‘Nuclear power stations produce toxic waste.’

Water shortage – a scarcity of water.

‘A bi-product of climate change will be water shortages in countries with warmer climates.’

Advanced

Domestic waste/household waste – the amount of packaging, excess food and other waste a family produces.

To dump rubbish/ trash – to ‘throw away’ trash in large quantities.

‘Companies have been known to dump toxic waste into rivers.’

Landfill – a large hole in the ground where people dump rubbish.

‘Non-recyclable waste goes into a landfill.’

Oil spillage – when a large amount of oil is accidentally released into the sea.

Oil tanker – a ship carrying oil.

Animals

An endangered species – a species which is very rare.

To become extinct / to die out – when a species ceases to exist.

‘The dodo became extinct two hundred years ago.’

Habitat – the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.

Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects – types of organisms.

To lay an egg – not ‘to put an egg.’

‘Birds, insects, fish and reptiles lay eggs.’

Wildlife – the life that exists in the natural world.

Solutions

Intermediate

Environmentalist – someone who works to protect the environment.

To ban – to prohibit.

‘High polluting vehicles are banned in some cities.’

To clean up – to clean an area.

‘We must clean up the plastic in the oceans.

To preserve – to protect a natural area by prohibiting people developing it.

To protest, to do a protest – a manifestation.

‘People are protesting against climate change all around the world.’

Recycling, to recycle.

‘Recycling is becoming more and more popular.’

To reuse – to use again.

‘We should reuse containers to reduce waste.’

Advanced

To combat, to tackle a problem – to fight for a solution to a problem.

‘Governments are trying to combat climate change by switching to renewable energy.’

To pledge – an official promise made by individuals, governments and organisation.

‘The conference ended with a pledge to reduce carbon emissions.’

To reduce, to cut down on – to decrease something.

‘We should all try to cut down on our plastic consumption.’

Forests

To cut down a forest – to cut the trees in a forest.

Forest fires

To catch fire – to ignite a fire.

To put out a fire / to extinguish a fire.

‘Forests catch fire easily in summer. It often takes days to put them out.’

Timber – the wood product after a tree is cut down.

‘Timber houses are rare in the UK but common in Norway.’

Extreme weather

Blizzard – snowstorm

Hurricane – a windstorm.

Typhoon – tropical storm.

To flood, a flood – an inundation of water.

‘The river overflowed in the rainstorm and caused a flood.’

Drought – when it doesn’t rain for a long time and the land becomes so dry that plants can’t grow.

‘One summer there was no rain and so there was a terrible drought.’

Water shortage – a scarcity of water.

Sandstorm – a storm of sand.

Phrases

The tip of the iceberg – the small perceptible part of a much larger situation or problem that remains hidden.

‘Carbon emissions from cars is only the tip of the iceberg. There are many more things, including farm animals, that emit CO2.’

To take for granted – tofail to appreciate someone or something because you think that it will always be there.

‘We take the land for granted.’

To be the hardest hit – to be severely affected by something.

‘People in the developing world are hardest hit by climate change because they live in warm countries.’

To rely on something, to be reliant on something – to need something.

‘We are still reliant on fossil fuels for most of our energy.’

Speaking practice

Use these questions as topics for discussion.

• What are the biggest environmental problems in your region?
• What is the environmental issue that concerns you the most?
• What are the most effective ways that humans can limit their impact on the environment?
• If you were prime minister/president of your country, what policies would you implement to combat climate change?
• How do you think the world will have changed by 2050?

Final thoughts and homework

How long will Human Impacts Last? is a short TED ed film about how we are now living in a new geological age called the Anthropocene, meaning human activity can now be found in the planet’s geology.